LeetCode in Python

15. 3Sum

Medium

Given an integer array nums, return all the triplets [nums[i], nums[j], nums[k]] such that i != j, i != k, and j != k, and nums[i] + nums[j] + nums[k] == 0.

Notice that the solution set must not contain duplicate triplets.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [-1,0,1,2,-1,-4]

Output: [[-1,-1,2],[-1,0,1]]

Example 2:

Input: nums = []

Output: []

Example 3:

Input: nums = [0]

Output: []

Constraints:

• 0 <= nums.length <= 3000
• -105 <= nums[i] <= 105

Here are the steps to solve the “3Sum” problem:

Approach:

1. Sort the Array:
   • Sort the given array nums in ascending order.
2. Initialize Result List:
   • Initialize an empty list result to store the triplets.
3. Iterate Through the Array:
   • Iterate through the sorted array nums from index i = 0 to i = len(nums) - 3.
4. Check for Duplicate Elements:
   • If the current element is the same as the previous element, skip to the next iteration to avoid duplicate triplets.
5. Use Two Pointers for 2Sum:
   • Use two pointers (left and right) to find a pair of elements whose sum is equal to the negation of the current element (-nums[i]).
     • Initialize left = i + 1 and right = len(nums) - 1.
     • Check if nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right] == 0.
6. Move Pointers:
   • If the sum is less than zero, increment left.
   • If the sum is greater than zero, decrement right.
   • If the sum is zero, add the triplet [nums[i], nums[left], nums[right]] to the result list.
7. Skip Duplicate Elements:
   • While moving pointers, skip duplicate elements to avoid duplicate triplets.
8. Return Result:
   • Return the final list of triplets.

Python Code:

class Solution:
    def threeSum(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        # Sort the array
        nums.sort()
        result = []

        # Iterate through the array
        for i in range(len(nums) - 2):
            # Check for duplicate elements
            if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i - 1]:
                continue

            # Two pointers for 2Sum
            left, right = i + 1, len(nums) - 1

            while left < right:
                total = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right]

                if total < 0:
                    left += 1
                elif total > 0:
                    right -= 1
                else:
                    # Add triplet to result
                    result.append([nums[i], nums[left], nums[right]])

                    # Skip duplicate elements
                    while left < right and nums[left] == nums[left + 1]:
                        left += 1
                    while left < right and nums[right] == nums[right - 1]:
                        right -= 1

                    # Move pointers
                    left += 1
                    right -= 1

        return result

# Example Usage:
solution = Solution()

# Example 1:
nums1 = [-1, 0, 1, 2, -1, -4]
print(solution.threeSum(nums1))  # Output: [[-1, -1, 2], [-1, 0, 1]]

# Example 2:
nums2 = []
print(solution.threeSum(nums2))  # Output: []

# Example 3:
nums3 = [0]
print(solution.threeSum(nums3))  # Output: []

This code defines a Solution class with a method threeSum that takes an array nums as input and returns a list of unique triplets whose sum is equal to zero. The example usage demonstrates how to create an instance of the Solution class and call the threeSum method with different inputs.

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